Rules of Language

Language is a tool with multiple functions:

• establish identities
• form relationships
• comfort others
• helps us to make sense of the world
• primary means of connecting with others

In order for communication to take place via language, those involved must all share "symbols," "referents," and "thoughts."

A symbol might be a written letter/character of the language, a vocal sound, a nonverbal cue, etc.

The referent means that we know what the symbol (or combination of symbols) refers to...

For example, if the symbol is "cat," then we should all share a common referent of a 4-legged, long-tailed animal with long whiskers and short pointy ears (excuse my horrible description of a cat).

That's the referent.

A thought is an abstract idea developed in our minds.

Meaning takes place when we understand the symbols, understand the referent, and understand the thoughts the sender of the message intended.

Altogether, we call this "The Triangle of Meaning."

Different types of communication

inherited communication-- genetic codes tell us what to do

learned communication--  via experience, we learn what to expect

What separates us is "language"-- the ability to use symbols to represent ideas/objects we want to share with others.

Language doesn't imply "words"-- Morse Code, ASCII, sign language, etc.

Language is a game, and like any game, we first have to learn the rules.  Once we do, we quit paying conscious attention to them.

There are five sets of rules:

1. Phonemic rules (sound rules)-- sounds we produce… we produce about 44 different sounds with 26 letters. The smallest unit of sound is called a phoneme. The smallest unit of sound with meaning is called a morpheme. 

2.  Semantic rules (meaning rules)-- meanings for sounds, words, or letters.  

Difficult to learn-- especially for those just learning the language (kids and people learning English)

General Semantics-- field of comm study that deals with getting rid of misunderstandings between  people.

3. Grammar rules/Syntax-- putting meanings together in coherent patterns… If the patterns aren't followed, there is no meaning-- even if all the elements are there.  For example….

I would like a large, chocolate milkshake please.

Please chocolate a I milkshake like large would.

4. Pragmatic/practical rules-- how ordinary people actually "use" language…   Do you know what time it is? ; Is Sarah there?  Can I speak to her? Etc.

            --  Speech Act Theory-- explains the pragmatic rules for accomplishing tasks like requests, commands, promises, questions, compliments…   Kathi, do you want some eggs?"  It's more than just a question, it's an "offer" and the answer "Yes, that sounds great" is not just an answer, it's an acceptance.  "Hey, how's it goin'?" is actually a greeting-- not really a question…

5. Normative rules.

In addition, we must all follow societal norms.

If you violate a language rule, people might politely correct you; if you violate a a societal norm, people will not want to associate with you.